What is Esophageal Cancer?

Esophageal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the esophagus, the long, hollow tube that runs from your throat to your stomach. It helps move food from the back of the throat to the stomach for digestion. Esophageal cancer typically starts in the inner layer of the esophagus and can spread outward through the other layers as it grows. There are two main types of esophageal cancer: squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, each named for the type of cells that become malignant.

 

What Are Common Signs and Symptoms of Esophageal Cancer?

Symptoms of esophageal cancer may include:

• Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)

• Weight loss without trying

• Chest pain, pressure, or burning

• Worsening indigestion or heartburn

• Coughing or hoarseness

 

Can We Prevent Esophageal Cancer?

Prevention strategies for esophageal cancer focus on reducing risk factors:

• Avoid smoking.

• Limit alcohol consumption.

• Maintain a healthy weight.

• Treat conditions that can increase esophageal cancer risk, such as Barrett's esophagus or acid reflux disease, with medical supervision.

 

How Do We Diagnose Esophageal Cancer?

Diagnosing esophageal cancer often involves several steps:

• Barium swallow study: A series of X-rays of the esophagus.

• Endoscopy: A procedure to look inside the esophagus for abnormal areas.

• Biopsy: Taking a sample of esophageal cells or tissues during endoscopy.

 

What Treatment Options Are Available for Esophageal Cancer?

Treatment for esophageal cancer depends on the cancer stage, location, and overall health, and may include:

• Surgery: To remove the part of the esophagus with cancer and nearby lymph nodes.

• Radiation therapy: Uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells.

• Chemotherapy: Uses drugs to kill cancer cells, often in combination with radiation therapy.

• Targeted therapy: Drugs or other substances that target specific cancer cells with less harm to normal cells.

• Immunotherapy: Uses the body's immune system to fight cancer.

The treatment plan might combine several of these options based on the individual's specific situation.